The most important consideration should be the integration of science and technology. We have created boundaries between science and technology and between physical sciences and biological sciences. Even in the management of higher education, the All India Technical Council of Education (AICTE) look after technical and professional and university Grants Commission (UGC) looks after science education. We should either merge these entities or allow both to look after science and technology in the institutes associated with these bodies. If we separate science from technology are getting complicated; without integrating technology with science we will not be able to translate research into tangible products and create value.
As an example breeding superior crops for ushering in a second green revolution requires both knowledge of basic and applied biology. Future breeders will require a sound knowledge of molecular biology, genetics, bio-chemistry, mathematics and statistics, skills in computational work and handling laboratory equipment. Unfortunately, such education is not being imparted nor are there concerted efforts to create interdisciplinary teams to use the knowledge of molecular biology and genomic to produce novel seeds, which would require lesser inputs of water and chemicals and provide higher yield as compared to the present varieties and hybrids.
To take an example from chemistry, those who want to research new drug molecules or pesticides need some knowledge of biological sciences as a large number of chemical are being synthesized and studies for use on biological entities. Research in the field of nano-materials requires a sound knowledge of both chemistry and physics and a feel for technology.
To create a strong science-technology interface at the University of Delhi, They have initiated three M-Tech courses-nuclear physics and process development—to train students in areas that require knowledge of both science and technology. Students with undergraduate degree in natural sciences are admitted in these three-year courses. We hope this will set a new trend in the country in developing a strong science-technology interface.
Research is conducted both for satisfying curiosity and for generating value. Research that satisfies curiosity is important but research that creates values is even more important. Indian needs strong research and development in areas that will generate value—new seeds, new drugs, electronic devices, new materials for the developing new tangible products, participation of industry in research and development programme, it is the industry which will scale up, commercialize, and create wealth. Bodies like department of sciences and technology, department of bio-technology and council of scientific and industrial research have taken step in involving industry in research projects. However, larger efforts are required.
Both basic science and technology development research can be improved by improving our competitive research grant system provided by the departments of ministry of science and technology. Submitted research projects should be approved or rejected in no more than four months. To encourage industry-university puts one repee in a research project, the government agencies should put double that amount.
Science and Technology Interface
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More Role Of Computers In Science And Technology Articles
Computer Science Careers
Top Five Computer Science Careers
Careers in computer science aren't hard to find. There are wide ranges of specialties in computer science to choose from. The key to finding the perfect computer science career is to narrow the individual specialties down to the ones that are the fastest-growing, will allow room for you to grow in that career and, of course, you may want to check out the salary statistics for each of the jobs.
For instance, take a look at the job description and salary statistics for a systems analyst. A systems analyst has a wide variety of responsibilities including researching and recommending software and system choices to meet the requirements of other businesses. Systems analysts communicate with their customers about what the customers' requirements are for a particular project. They meet with designers and developers that are working on the software to make sure it is up to the customer's standards.
With the help of testers, systems analysts use sample data to perform tests on it to make sure it is working properly and then the systems analysts enable the new systems. On average in the United States, a systems analyst makes anywhere from ,000 to ,000 a year.Another top computer science career is a software engineer. A software engineer applies the techniques and procedures that are used in the design, development, testing and evaluation of the software and systems that allow computers to run correctly. The average salary of a software engineer in the U.S. is ,000 a year.
Computer programmers are the brains behind the software. Computer programmers' job duties involve writing the software; testing the software for glitches and then debugging the software; and also maintaining the computer programs so that they run correctly. Typically, depending on the programmer's employer and what type of programming is being done, the salary of a computer programmer can range anywhere from ,000 to 0,000 a year.
Next, we'll take a look at network systems analyst. A network systems analyst does the designing, evaluating, testing, and maintaining of a variety of different networks, including WANS, LANS, intranets, wireless systems, etc. The average yearly income of a network systems analyst is ,000.
The last computer science career we'll talk about today is the database administrator. A database administrator is responsible for the recoverability of the database such as creating and testing the Backups. They are also responsible for verifying the integrity of the database and for making sure the database is secure. Database administrators also have to make sure the availability and performance of the database are at its maximum and they help the programmers and the engineers with development and testing support. Although the database administrator is responsible for all these things, they also have an array of other duties depending on their particular job description, employer, etc. The annual salary of a database administrator ranges from ,000 to ,000. However, the median annual salary in the U.S. for a database administrator is ,000.
Keep in mind, these are just five of the computer science careers. There are many more careers in computer science with annual incomes and responsibilities within the same range as those listed.
Glossary Of Environmental Science
www.cites.org)
Corporate Social Responsibility integration of social and environmental policies into day-to-day corporate business.
covenants formal agreements or contracts, often between government and industry sectors. The national packaging covenant and sustainability covenants are examples of voluntary covenants with a regulatory underpinning. Land covenants protect land for wildlife into the future.
crop coefficient (Kc) (water management) a variable used to calculate the evapotranspiration of a plant crop based on that of a reference crop.
crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (water management) is the crop water use the daily water withdrawal.
crop rotation (crop sequencing) the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same space in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped.
crude oil naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons under normal temperature and pressure.
cullet the term used to describe crushed glass that is suitable for recycling by glass manufacturers.
cultural eutrophication - the process that speeds up natural eutrophication because of human activity.
cultural services the non-material benefits of ecosystems including refreshment, spiritual enrichment, knowledge, artistic satisfaction.
culture jamming altering existing mass media to criticise itself (e.g.
culvert drain that passes under a road or pathway, may be a pipe or other conduit.
cut and fill removing earth from one place to another, usually mechanically.
cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta or blue-green algae) a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
cyclone intense low pressure weather systems; mid-latitude cyclones are atmospheric circulations that rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and are generally associated with stronger winds, unsettled conditions, cloudiness and rainfall. Tropical cyclones (which are called hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere) cause cause storm surges in coastal areas.
D
DDT - a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a pesticide that is a persistent organic pollutant.
debt-for-Nature Swap - a financial transaction in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in conservation measures.
decomposers consumers, mostly microbial, that change dead organic matter into minerals and heat.
deforestation - the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for agriculture, urban use, development, or wasteland.
dematerialisation decreasing the consumption of materials and resources while maintaining quality of life.
desalination producing potable or recyclable water by removing salts from salty or brackish water. This is done by three methods: distillation/freezing; reverse osmosis using membranes and electrodialysis; ion exchange. At present, all these methods are energy intensive.
desert an area that receives an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in) or an area in which more water is lost than falls as precipitation.
desertification - the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities.
detritivore (detritus feeder) - animals and plants that consume detritus (decomposing organic material), and in doing so contribute to decomposition and the recycling of nutrients.
detritus - non-living particulate organic material (as opposed to dissolved organic material).
developing countries development of a country is measured using a mix of economic factors (income per capita, GDP, degree of modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), degree of industrialisation, proportion of economy devoted to agriculture and natural resource extraction) and social factors (life expectancy, the rate of literacy, poverty). The UN-produced Human Development Index (HDI) is a compound indicator of the above statistics. There is a strong correlation between low income and high population growth, both within and between countries. In developing countries, there is low per capita income, widespread poverty, and low capital formation. In developed countries there is continuous economic growth and a relatively high standard of living. The term is rather value-laden and prescriptive as it implies a natural transition from ndeveloped to eveloped. Although poverty and physical deprivation are clearly undesirable, it does not follow that it is therefore desirable for ndeveloped economies to move towards affluent Western-style eveloped free market economies. We have tended to use the terms ndustrialised and on-industrialised although these too can be misleading.
dfE design for the environment; dfE considers 'cradle to grave' costs and benefits associated with material acquisition, manufacture, use, and disposal.
dfM design for manufacturing; designing products in such a way that they are easy to manufacture.
dfS design for sustainability; an integrated design approach aiming to achieve both environmental quality and economic efficiency through the redesign of industrial systems.
dfX design for assembly/disassembly, re-use. recycle.
dieback (arboriculture) a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed, either by parasites or due to conditions such as acid rain.
dietary energy supply food available for human consumption, usually expressed in kilocalories per person per day.
dioxin - any one of a number of chemical compounds that are persistent organic pollutants and are carcinogenic.
distributed water (water management) purchased water supplied to a user; this is usually through a reticulated mains system (but also through pipes and open channels, irrigation systems supplied to farms).
diversion rate (waste disposal) the proportion of a potentially recyclable material that has been diverted out of the waste disposal stream and therefore not directed to landfill.
divertible resource (water management) the proportion of water runoff and recharge that can be accessed for human use.
downcycling (waste management) recycling in which the quality of an item is diminished with each recycling.
downstream those processes occurring after a particular activity e.g. the transport of a manufactured product from a factory to the wholesale or retail outlet cf. upstream.
drainage (water management) that part of irrigation or rainfall that runs off an area or is lost to deep percolation.
drawdown (water management) drop in water level, generally applied to wells or bores.
dredging - (water management) the repositioning of soil from an aquatic environment, using specialized equipment, in order to initiate infrastructural and/or ecological improvements.
drift net - a type of fishing net used in oceans, coastal seas and freshwater lakes.
drinking water (potable water) water fit for human consumption in accordance with World Health Organisation guidelines.
drip irrigation (water management) a drip hose placed near the plant roots so minimising deep percolation and evaporation.
driver (ecology) any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. A direct driver is one that unequivocally influences ecosystem processes and that can be measured.
drop-off centre (waste management) a location where discarded materials can be left for recycling.
drought an acute water shortage relative to availability, supply and demand in a particular region. An extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.
dryland salinity - (water management) accumulation of salts in soils, soil water and ground water; may be natural or induced by land clearing
E
eco- - a prefix now added to many words indicating a general consideration for the environment e.g. ecohousing, ecolabel, ecomaterial.
eco-asset a biological asset that provides financial value to private land owners when they are maintained in or restored to their natural state.
ecolabel - seal or logo indicating a product has met a certain environmental or social standards.
ecological deficit - of a country or region measures the amount by which its Ecological Footprint exceeds the ecological capacity of that region.
Ecological Footprint (Eco-footprint, Footprint) a measure of the area of biologically productive land and water needed to produce the resources and absorb the wastes of a population using the prevailing technology and resource management schemes; a measure of the consumption of renewable natural resources by a human population, be it that of a country, a region or the whole world given as the total area of productive land or sea required to produce all the crops, meat, seafood, wood and fibre it consumes, to sustain its energy consumption and to give space for its infrastructure.
ecological niche - the habitat of a species or population within its ecosystem.
ecological succession - the more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community with time.
ecological sustainability - the capacity of ecosystems to maintain their essential processes and function and to retain their biological diversity without impoverishment.
ecologically sustainable development - using, conserving and enhancing the human community's resources so that ecological processes, on which all life depends, can be maintained and enriched into the future.
ecology - the scientific study of living organisms and their relationships to one another and their environment; the scientific study of the processes regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms; the study of the design of ecosystem structure and function.
economic externalities costs or benefits that are not borne by the producer or supplier of a good or service. In many environmental situations environmental deterioration may be caused by a few while the cost is borne by the community; examples would include overfishing, pollution (e.g. production of greenhouse emissions that are not compensated for in any way by taxes etc.), the environmental cost of land-clearing etc.
ecoregion - (bioregion) the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath "realm" or "ecozone".
ecosystem boundary the spatial delimitation of an ecosystem usually based on discontinuities of organisms and the physical environment.
ecosystem services - the role played by organisms, without charge, in creating a healthy environment for human beings, from production of oxygen to soil formation, maintenance of water quality and much more. These services are now generally divided into four groups, supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural.
ecosystem - a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment all interacting as a functional unit.
e-cycling recycling electronic waste.
effective rainfall the volume of rainfall passing into the soil; that part of rainfall available for plant use after runoff, leaching, evaporation and foliage interception.
energy efficiency - using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.
effluent - a discharge or emission of liquid, gas or other waste product.
El Nio - a warm water current which periodically flows southwards along the coast of Ecuador and Peru in South America, replacing the usually cold northwards flowing current; occurs once every five to seven years, usually during the Christmas season (the name refers to the Christ child); the opposite phase of an El Nio is called a La Nia.
embodied energy - the energy expended over the entire life cycle of a good or service cf. emergy.
emergent property a property that is not evident in the individual components of an object or system.
emergy nergy memory all the available energy that was used in the work of making a product directly and indirectly, expressed in units of one type of available energy (work previously done to provide a product or service); the energy of one type required to make energy of another.
emission standard - a level of emissions that, under law, may not be exceeded.
emissions intensity emissions expressed as quantity per monetary unit.
emissions trading see carbon trading.
emissions - substances such as gases or particles discharged into the atmosphere as a result of natural processes of human activities, including those from chimneys, elevated point sources, and tailpipes of motor vehicles.
endangered species a species which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in number, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters.
energetics the study of how energy flows within an ecosystem: the routes it takes, rates of flow, where it is stored and how it is used.
energy - a property of all systems which can be turned into heat and measured in heat units.
* available energy energy with the potential to do work (exergy);
* delivered energy energy delivered to and used by a household, usually gas and electricity;
* direct energy - the energy being currently used, used mostly at home (delivered energy) and for fuels used mainly for transport;
* embodied energy - t the energy expended over the entire life cycle of a good or service OR the energy involved in the extraction of basic materials, processing/manufacture, transport and disposal of a product OR the energy required to provide a good or service;
* geothermal energy heat emitted from within the Earth crust as hot water or steam and used to generate electricity after transformation;
* hydro energy potential and kinetic energy of water used to generate electricity;
* indirect energy the energy generated in, and accounted for, by the wider economy as a consequence of an agent actions or demands;
* kinetic energy - the energy possessed by a body because of its motion;
* nuclear energy - energy released by reactions within atomic nuclei, as in nuclear fission or fusion (also called atomic energy);
* operational energy the energy used in carrying out a particular operation;
* potential energy the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or condition e.g. coiled springs and charged batteries have potential energy;
* primary energy forms of energy obtained directly from nature, the energy in raw fuels(electricity from the grid is not primary energy), used mostly in energy statistics when compiling energy balances;
* solar energy solar radiation used for hot water production and electricity generation (does not include passive solar energy to heat and cool buildings etc.);
* secondary energy primary energies are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient secondary forms such as electrical energy and cleaner fuels;
* stationary energy that energy that is other than transport fuels and fugitive emissions, used mostly for production of electricity but also for manufacturing and processing and in agriculture, fisheries etc.;
* tidal/ocean/wave energy mechanical energy from water movement used to generate electricity;
* useful energy available energy used to increase system production and efficiency;
* wind energy kinetic energy of wind used for electricity generation using turbines
energy accounting measuring value by the energy input required for a good or service. A form of accounting that builds in a measure of our impact on nature (rather than being restricted to human-based items).
energy audit - a systematic gathering and analysis of energy use information that can be used to determine energy efficiency improvements. The Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 3598:2000 Energy Audits defines three levels of audit.
Energy Footprint - the area required to provide or absorb the waste from coal, oil, gas, fuelwood, nuclear energy and hydropower: the Fossil Fuel Footprint is the area required to sequester the emitted CO2 taking into account CO2 absorption by the sea etc.
energy management - A program of well-planned actions aimed at reducing energy use, recurrent energy costs, and detrimental greenhouse gas emissions.
energy recovery the productive extraction of energy, usually electricity or heat, from waste or materials that would otherwise have gone to landfill.
energy-for-land ratio - the amount of energy that can be produced per hectare of ecologically productive land. The units used are gigajoules per hectare and year, or GJ/ha/yr. For fossil fuel (calculated as CO2 assimilation) the ratio is 100 GJ/ha/yr.
enhanced greenhouse effect - the increase in the natural greenhouse effect resulting from increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases due to emissions from human activities.
ENSO (El Nioouthern Oscillation) a suite of events that occur at the time of an El Nio; at one extreme of the cycle, when the central Pacific Ocean is warm and the atmospheric pressure over Australia is relatively high, the ENSO causes drought conditions over eastern Australia cf. El Nio, Southern Oscillation.
environment - the external conditions, resources, stimuli etc. with which an organism interacts.
environmental flows - river or creek water flows that are allocated for the maintenance of the waterway ecosystems.
environmental indicator - physical, chemical, biological or socio-economic measure that can be used to assess natural resources and environmental quality.
environmental movement (environmentalism) - a term that sometimes includes the conservation and green movements; a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights.
environmental science - the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.
epidemiology - the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine.
erosion - displacement of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) usually by the agents of currents such as, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) a bacterium used as an indicator of faecal contamination and potential disease organisms in water.
estuary - a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
ethical consumerism - buying things that are made ethically i.e. without harm to or exploitation of humans, animals or the natural environment. This generally entails favoring products and businesses that take account of the greater good in their operations.
ethical living adopting lifestyles, consumption and shopping habits that minimise our negative impact, and maximise our positive impact on people, the environment and the economy cf. consumer democracy, sustainable living.
eutrophication - the enrichment of waterbodies with nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which stimulates the growth of aquatic organisms.
eutrophication - an increase in chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem.
euxenic - with extremely low oxygen cf. anoxic.
evaporation water converted to water vapour.
evapotranspiration (ET) the water evaporating from the soil and transpired by plants.
e-waste - electronic waste, especially mobile phones, televisions and personal computers.
extended producer responsibility (EPR) (product take-back) - a requirement (often in law) that producers take back and accept responsibility for the responsible disposal of their products; this encourages the design of products that can be easily repaired, recycled, reused or upgraded.
external water footprint the embodied water of imported goods cf. internal water footprint.
externality (environmental economics) by-products of activities that affect the well-being of people or damage the environment, where those impacts are not reflected in market prices. The costs (or benefits) associated with externalities do not enter standard cost accounting schemes. The environment is often cited as a negatively affected externality of the economy (see economic externality).
extinction event - (mass extinction, extinction-level event, ELE) - a sharp decrease in the number of species in a relatively short period of time.
extinction - the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity.
F
feedback flow from the products of an action back to interact with the action.
feedlot (feedyard) - a type of Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) (also known as "factory farming") which is used for finishing livestock, notably beef cattle, prior to slaughter.
fertigate apply fertiliser through an irrigation system.
fertility rate - number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years cf. birth rate, mortality rate.
fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) - compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves.
flyway - the flight paths used in bird migration. Flyways generally span over continents and often oceans.
food chain (food webs, food networks and/or trophic networks) - describe the feeding relationships between species within an ecosystem.
food miles - the emissions produced and resources needed to transport food and drink around the globe.
food security - global food security refers to food produced in sufficient quantity to meet the full requirements of all people i.e. total global food supply equals the total global demand. For households it is the ability to purchase or produce the food they need for a healthy and active life (disposable income is a crucial issue). Women are typically gatekeepers of household food security. For national food security, the focus is on sufficient food for all people in a nation and it entails a combination of national production, imports and exports. Food security always has components of production, access and utilisation.
Footprint (Ecological Footprint) in a very general environmental sense a "footprint" is a measure of environmental impact. However, this is usually expressed as an area of productive land (the footprint) needed to counteract the impact.
forage - the plant material (mainly plant leaves) eaten by grazing animals.
forest land with a canopy cover greater than 30%.
fossil fuel - any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as coal, oil and natural gas (produces carbon dioxide when burnt); fuels formed from once-living organisms that have become fossilized over geological time.
fossil water groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for thousands or millions of years; when geologic changes seal the aquifer preventing further replenishment, the water becomes trapped inside and is then referred to as fossil water. Fossil water is a limited resource and can only be used once.
freegan - a person using alternative strategies for living based on limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption of resources. Freegans embrace community, generosity, social concern, freedom, cooperation, and sharing - in opposition to materialism, moral apathy, competition, conformity, and greed. The most notorious freegan strategy is "urban foraging" or "dumpster diving". This technique involves rummaging through the garbage of retailers, residences, offices, and other facilities for useful goods. The word freegan is compounded from "free" and "vegan". cf. affluenza, froogle.
freon - DuPont's trade name for its odourless, colorless, nonflammable, and noncorrosive chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, which are used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems Fair trade - a guarantee that a fair price is paid to producers of goods or services; it includes a range of other social and environmental standards including safety standards and the right to form unions.
freshwater - water containing no significant amounts of salt; potable water suitable for all normal uses cf. potable water.
front (weather) the boundary between warm (high pressure) and cold (low pressure) air masses.
froogle - a play on the word frugal, referring to people who lead low-consumption life-styles: a person who is part of a new movement towards self-sufficiency and waste-reduction achieved by bartering goods and services especially through the internet, making their own products, soap, clothes, and breeding chickens and goats, growing their own food, baking their own bread, harvesting their own water and energy, and helping to develop a sense of community. Sometimes referring to people who have made a resolution to only buy essentials for a particular period of time cf. freegan, affluenza.
fugitive emissions - in the context of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, these are greenhouse gases emitted from fuel production itself including, processing, transmission, storage and distribution processes, and including emissions from oil and natural gas exploration, venting, and flaring, as well as the mining of black coal.
full-cost pricing - the pricing of commercial goodsuch as electric powerhat includes not only the private costs of inputs, but also the costs of the externalities required by their production and use cf. externality.
G
G8 - The Group of Eight is an international forum for the world's major industrialised democracies that emerged following the 1973 oil crisis and subsequent global recession. It includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US which represents about 65% of the world economy.
Gaia hypothesis - an ecological hypothesis that proposes that living and nonliving parts of the earth are a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism.
gene pool - the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population.
generalist species - those able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
gene - a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.
genetic diversity - one of the three levels of biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics.
greenhouse effect - the process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.
greenhouse gas - components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect.
green manure - a type of cover crop grown primarily to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil.
Green Revolution - the ongoing transformation of agriculture that led in some places to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s.
groundwater - water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formation.
garden organics - organics derived from garden sources e.g. prunings, grass clippings.
genetic engineering - general term covering the use of various experimental techniques to produce molecules of DNA containing new genes or novel combinations of genes, usually for insertion into a host cell for cloning; the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism; the modification of genetic material by man that would otherwise be subject to the forces of nature only.
genome the total genetic composition of an organism
geosphere - the solid part of planet Earth, the main divisions being the crust, mantle, and liquid core. The lithosphere is the part of the geosphere that consists of the crust and upper mantle.
geothermal energy - energy derived from the natural heat of the earth contained in hot rocks, hot water, hot brine or steam.
global acres see global hectares.
global dimming a reduction in the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth due to light diffusion as a result of air pollution and increasing levels of cloud. A phenomenon of the last 3050 years.
economic globalization - the emerging international economy characterized by free trade in goods and services, unrestricted capital flows and more limited national powers to control domestic economies.
global hectares - acres/hectares that have been adjusted according to world average biomass productivity so that they can be compared meaningfully across regions; 1 global hectare is 1 hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity.
global warming potential - a system of multipliers devised to enable warming effects of different gases to be compared.
global warming the observable increase in global temperatures considered mainly caused by the human induced enhanced greenhouse effect trapping the Sun heat in the Earth atmosphere.
globalisation the expansion of interactions to a global or worldwide scale; the increasing interdependence, integration and interaction among people and organisations from around the world. A general term, used since the mid 1940s, referring to a mix of economic, social, technological, cultural and political interrelationships.
glyphosate the active ingredient in the herbicide RoundupTM.
governance refers to the decision-making procedure - who makes decisions, how they are made, and with what information: the structures and processes for collective decision-making involving governmental and non-governmental actors.
green architecture - building design that moves towards self-sufficiency sustainability by adopting circular metabolism.
green design - environmentally sustainable design.
green power - Electricity generated from clean, renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, biomass and hydro power) and supplied through the grid.
green products and services - products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. Green products or services may include, but are not limited to, those which contain recycled content, reduce waste, conserve energy or water, use less packaging, and reduce the amount of toxics disposed or consumed.
green purchasing - purchasing goods and services that minimise impacts on the environment and that are socially just.
Green Star a voluntary building rating for green design covering 9 impact categories up to 6 stars which equals world leader.
green waste (green organic material or green organics, sometimes referred to as reen wealth) - plant material discarded as non-putrescable waste - includess tree and shrub cuttings and prunings, grass clippings, leaves, natural (untreated) timber waste and weeds (noxious or otherwise).
green (sustainability) like co - a word frequently used to indicate consideration for the environment e.g. green plumbers, green purchasing etc., sometimes used as a noun e.g. the Greens.
greenhouse effect - the insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60 F (16 C) warmer than it would be otherwise cf. enhanced greenhouse effect .
greenhouse gases - any gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect; gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and from human activity, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. Water vapor (H2O) is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are a natural part of the atmosphere and include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4, persisting 9-15 yrs with a greenhouse warming potential (GWP) 22 times that of CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O persists 120 years and has a GWP of 310), ozone (O3),hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.
greenlash dramatic changes in the structure and dynamic behaviour of ecosystems.
greenwashing - a derogatory term used to describe companies that portray themselves as environmentally friendly when their business practices do not back this up. Generally applies to excessive use of green marketing and packaging when this does not take account of the total ecological footprint.
greenwater water replenishing soil moisture, evaporating from soil, plant and other surfaces, and transpired by plants. In nature the global average amount of rainfall becoming green water is about 60%. Of the green water about 55% falls on forests, 25% on grasslands and about 20% on crops. We can increase green water productivity by rainwater harvesting, increased infiltration and runoff collection. Green water cannot be piped or drunk (cannot be sold) and is therefore generally ignored by water management authorities but it is crucial to plants in both nature and agriculture and needs careful management as an important part of the global water cycle.
greywater household waste water that has not come into contact with toilet waste; includes water from baths, showers, bathrooms, washing machines, laundry and kitchen sinks.
gross primary productivity - total carbon assimilation.
groundwater water found below the surface usually in porous rocks, or soil, or in underground aquifers.
growth increase in size, weight, power etc.
H
habitat - an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species.
hard waste - household garbage which is not normally accepted into rubbish bins by local councils, e.g. old stoves, mattresses.
heat energy derived from the motion of molecules; a form of energy into which all other forms of energy may be degraded .
herbicide a chemical the kills or inhibits growth of a plant.
herbivory - predation in which an organism known as an herbivore, consumes principally autotrophs such as plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria.
heterotroph (chemoorganotrophy) - an organism that requires organic substrates to obtain its carbon for growth and development.
hierarchy an organisation of parts in which control from the top (generally with few parts), proceeds through a series of levels (ranks) to the bottom (generally of many parts) cf. heterarchy.
high density polyethylene (HDPE) - A member of the polyethylene family of plastics and is used to make products such as milk bottles, pipes and shopping bags. HDPE may be coloured or opaque.
homoclime a region with the same climate as the one under investigation.
horsepower (hp) = 745.7 watts.
homeostasis - the property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
Horton overland flow - the tendency of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity.
house energy rating - an assessment of the energy efficiency of residential house or unit designs using a 5 star scale.
household metabolism - the passage of food, energy, water, goods, and waste through the household unit in a similar way to the metabolic activity of an organism cf. industrial metabolism.
humus - organic material in soil lending it a bark brown or black colouration.
human equivalent (He) - the approximate human daily energy requirement of 12,500 kJ or its approximate energy generating capacity at basal metabolic rate which is equivalent to about 80 watts (3.47222kWh/day). A 100 watt light bulb therefore runs at 1.25 He.
humus semi-persistent organic matter in the soil that can no longer be recognised as tissue.
hydrocarbons - chemicals made up of carbon and hydrogen that are found in raw materials such as petroleum, coal and natural gas, and derived products such as plastics.
hydroelectric power - the electrical power generated using the power of falling water.
hydrological cycle (water cycle) - the natural cycle of water from evaporation, transpiration in the atmosphere, condensation (rain and snow), and flows back to the ocean (e.g. rivers).
hydrosphere - all the Earth's water; this would include water found in the sea, streams, lakes and other waterbodies, the soil, groundwater, and in the air.
I
incineration - combustion (by chemical oxidation) of waste material to treat or dispose of that waste material.
indicator species - any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment.
industrial agriculture - a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops.
Industrial Revolution - a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions.
infiltration movement of water below topsoil to the plant roots and below.
infiltration - the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
indicators quantitative markers for monitoring progress towards desired goals.
industrial ecology (term int. Harry Zvi Evan 1973) - the observation that nature produces no waste and therefore provides an example of sustainable waste management. Natural Capitalism espouses industrial ecology as one of its four pillars together with energy conservation, material conservation , and redefinition of commodity markets and product stewardship in terms of a service economy. Publications:
insecticide - a pesticide used to control insects in all developmental forms.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - a pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and the strategic use of pesticides.
intercropping - the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time.
in-stream use - the use of freshwater where it occurs, usually within a river or stream: it includes hydroelectricity, recreation, tourism, scientific and cultural uses, ecosystem maintenance, and dilution of waste.
integrated pest management (IPM) pest management that attempts to minimise chemical use by using several pest control options in combination. The goal of IPM is not to eliminate all pests but to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels; an ecologically based pest control strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that disrupt these factors as little as possible.
integrated product life-cycle management - management of all phases of goods and services to be environmentally friendly and sustainable.
inter-generational equity the intention to leave the world in the best possible condition for future generations.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - the IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme to provide the scientific and technical foundation for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), primarily through the publication of periodic assessment reports.
internal water footprint the water embodied in goods produced within a country (although these may be subsequently exported) cf. external water footprint.
intrinsic value the value of something that is independent of its utility.
irrigation index an efficiency indicator showing degree of match between applied and used water. Ideal rating = 1, an Ii of 1.5 means an oversupply of water by 50%.
irrigation scheduling watering plants according to their needs.
irrigation watering of plants, no matter what system is used.
ISO 14001- The international standard for companies seeking to certify their environmental management system. International Organisation for Strandardisation (ISO) 14001 standard was first published in 1996 specifying the requirements for an environmental management system in organization (companies and institutions) with the goal of minimizing harmful effects on the environment and the goal of continual improvement of environmental performance.
J
joule (J) the basic unit of energy; the equivalent of 1 watt of power radiated or dissipated for 1 second. Natural gas consumption is usually measured in megajoules (MJ), where 1 MJ = 1, 000,000 J. On large accounts it may be measured in gigajoules (GJ), where 1 GJ = 1 000,000,000 J.
K
kerbside collection - collection of household recyclable materials (separated or co-mingled) that are left at the kerbside for collection by local council services .
keystone species - a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and help in determine the types and numbers of various others species in a community.
Kyoto Protocol - an international agreement adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. The Protocol sets binding emission targets for developed countries that would reduce their emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels.
L
land use, Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) - land uses and land-use changes can act either as sinks or as emission sources. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of global emissions result from LULUCF activities. The Kyoto Protocol allows parties to receive emissions credit for certain LULUCF activities that reduce net emissions.
landfill- solid waste disposal in which refuse is buried between layers of soil, a method often used to reclaim low-lying ground; the word is sometimes used as a noun to refer to the waste itself.
landfill gas the gas emissions from biodegrading waste in landfill, including CO2, CH4, and small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen...
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Science and Technology
The current world we are living is moving in the lines of science and technology. Writing of technology and science papers has become part of students’ coursework. Students are assigned by their teachers’ science papers in order to measure their levels of education. With the increase in technology, students are required to be competitive and move with the technology so as to contribute to the building of the society. Writing science papers is not an easy task which one should take easily. When writing your technology and science papers, you require enough sources of current information. Most writers fail in their technology and science papers because they do use information which is not relevant. When it comes to time and essay writing skills, most students have a problem and thus why they approach essay writing companies for help.
Students in science discipline have a lot of requirements that they should meet before writing their science papers. Science is one of the core subjects which a student need to have writing help during writing his/her academic essay. It requires the writer to have better knowledge about the selected topic. Getting quality science papers and other academic papers have also turned to be another problem. Most of essay writing companies are in the market not to provide essay writing services but for financial gain. Students suffer from those companies because they spend most of their time and money. Our essay writing company will provide you with fast and quality academic essay writing services. Our essay writing company is the company where you can buy science papers without any fear.
When faced with academic essay writing problems, most companies have turned our essay writing service to be solution to their problems. This is because we have qualified essay writers who will provide you with custom written science papers. Our essay writing company has been of help to students in various academic levels. We provide our customers with premium essay writing services which enable them to get quality degrees. Our essay writers have been trained on how to produce quality science papers. We shall provide you with quality science papers which are written by professionals. Employing qualified essay writers have helped our essay writing company to be an international company which provides quality science papers.
Why should you purchase or order science papers or any other academic essay from our essay writing company? When you get essay writing services from other companies, there is likelihood of getting plagiarized papers. This is because most of those essays writing companies are there to make money and not to offer quality services. Our company does aim at ensuring that students get quality services at the right time. Our science papers such as science thesis, science dissertations, science research papers, and science term papers are written according to international standards. Our essay writers have enough knowledge of producing custom science papers which are original and are non-plagiarized.
Most essay writing companies in the market are expensive. Our company does provide you with affordable science papers and other academic papers at an affordable price. We have writers who are available throughout and thus they will provide you with 24/7 essay writing services. We are the only essay writing company which will provide you with unlimited free essay revision services.
Computer science lebanon
Continuing education is an all-encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs. The term is used mainly in the United States and Canada. Recognized forms of post-secondary learning activities within the domain include: degree credit courses by non-traditional students, non-degree career training, workforce training, formal personal enrichment courses (both on-campus and online) self-directed learning (such as through Internet interest groups, clubs or personal research activities) and experiential learning as applied to problem solving.
Cnam Liban is the first and unique university in Lebanon dedicated to adult and continuing education.
The Cnam Liban stress on lifelong learning for everyone, by everyone we mean age, economic status, capabilities,...
Lifelong learning is the continuous building of skills and knowledge throughout the life of an individual.
It occurs through experiences encountered in the course of a lifetime. These experiences could be formal (training, counseling, tutoring, mentorship, apprenticeship, higher education, etc.) or informal (autodidacticism, life experience, etc.) Lifelong learning, also known as LLL, is the "lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons. As such, it not only enhances social inclusion, active citizenship and personal development, but also competitiveness and employability.Lifelong Learning is the provision or use of both formal and informal learning opportunities throughout people's lives in order to foster the continuous development and improvement of the knowledge and skills needed for employment and personal fulfillment.
It shares mixed connotations with other educational concepts such as Adult Education, Training, Continuing Education, Permanent Education and other terms that relate to learning beyond the formal educational system. In the African context, Lifelong Learning may refer to an individual's continuous acquisition of knowledge and skills over time and the ability to pass them on to others in a manner that is understood. The ability to pass this knowledge and skills on from one person to another is very important.Nearly 4000 people enrol each year in our professional and management development programmes. 3500 students are currently studying for undergraduate, graduate or engineering degrees. Among the 1000 people employed by "the Cnam Liban" 17 are full-time professors or researchers. 700 associate professors or professionals teach at the Cnam Lebanon.
As is the case for all higher education institutions, the Cnam also has a mission to undertake research projects. The Cnam employs 25 recognised research teams and 290 teaching researchers assisted by research engineers and technicians.
As a major scientific institution, the Cnam Liban has a mission to raise awareness of scientific and technological culture and to give everyone an access to knowledge through its rich and varied resources.
Supervised by the Lebanese University and The Cnam Paris, the Cnam Libanon is a semi-Public Scientific, Cultural and Professional Institution.
Here is a link to Cnam (france)
Masters of Science in Information Technology offers Good Career Opportunities
As soon as new computer technologies are introduced in the market, the demand of computer professionals also increases subsequently. Every year, there is a large number of professionals pass out from engineering colleges and universities with graduation degree to get a lucrative job in information technology field. Those IT graduate students who want to grow more and get knowledge about new technologies enrol for Masters of Science in information technology as doing advanced course in IT field helps professionals to fetch better jobs than graduates. The course of masters in Information Technology is a post graduate degree program that helps a person to understand fundamental principles of computer science and studying emerging industry trends.
The course MSc in IT provides a base to acquire education in advanced information technology and allied subjects, which helps a person to become a working professional with into specialists of technology and management.
It not only offers in depth knowledge about basic business applications, but also improves skills in order to be competent as per the changing trends in market. With this post graduation degree, an individual can develop expertise in software development and business applications. Under the master degree programme one get chance to learn various subjects such as programming, communications, algorithms, networking and advanced software engineering. Those graduates who are employed can apply for this course online, doing this course online allows them to enhance their skills and earn a degree while on job, which will ultimately help get promotion.
The Courses in IT of advanced level help a person to gain advanced technical knowledge and combine business analytic with computer science.
It helps a manager to acquire skills relevant to run an IT department such as planning, integration, budgeting, designing, and implementation of strategic planning which is important for running the department effectively. The master of Computer Science in IT degree has become popular amongst students due to accelerated demand in the market in technology and people management. Due to the introduction of new applications in the market, the demand of computer and system managers, who can handle and implement planning to promote new technologies in different functionality.
The masters of computer science in information technology not only focus on computer technology but also on enhances managerial and leadership skills. There are various universities and colleges located around the world; however students prefer to go to western countries such as Ireland and England for international exposure and better job opportunities. Interested students may find information and prospect regarding course on their desired college’s profile.
Science and Technology Information of India
Besides lack of broad based training in natural sciences, there are other problems that discourage research. We are not training students to have enquiring minds, which is important for developing research temperament. The level of practical student undertake in science subjects at the undergraduate level remains poor. Our science academies are promoting summer project work for our young students. This is a welcome step. However, due to a limited number of scholarships only few students are benefiting. The programme will hopefully expand. Students need to be encouraged to be inquisitive and question existing notions. To some extent, the problem lies with our societal structures. We encourage rote-based knowledge that already exists rather than encouraging search for new knowledge.
The most important consideration should be the integration of science and technology. we have created boundaries between science and technology and between physical sciences and biological sciences. Even in the management of higher education, the All India Technical Council of Education (AICTE) look after technical and professional and university Grants Commission (UGC) looks after science education. We should either merge these entities or allow both to look after science and technology in the institutes associated with these bodies. If we separate science from technology are getting complicated; without integrating technology with science we will not be able to translate research into tangible products and create value.
As an example breeding superior crops for ushering in a second green revolution requires both knowledge of basic and applied biology. Future breeders will require a sound knowledge of molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, mathematics and statistics, skills in computational work and handling laboratory equipment. Unfortunately, such education is not being imparted nor are there concerted efforts to create interdisciplinary teams to use the knowledge of molecular biology and genomic to produce novel seeds, which would require lesser inputs of water and chemicals and provide higher yield as compared to the present varieties and hybrids.
To take an example from chemistry, those who want to research new drug molecules or pesticides need some knowledge of biological sciences as a large number of chemical are being synthesized and studies for use on biological entities. Research in the field of nano-materials requires a sound knowledge of both chemistry and physics and a feel for technology.
To create a strong science-technology interface at the University of Delhi, we have initiated three M Tech courses-nuclear physics and process development—to train students in areas that require knowledge of both science and technology. Students with undergraduate degree in natural sciences are admitted in these three-year courses. We hope this will set a new trend in the country in developing a strong science-technology interface.
To develop good faculty in sciences the best of PhDs from India, around 200 every year, should be sent abroad from our own national resources to train them in areas where we want to develop strong research and development efforts. Few engineers are currently doing doctoral work in our universities and institutions for teaching of engineering subjects and also for the development of products.
Every year around 200 B-Tech students should be sent abroad for doctoral work. Scholars sent abroad from public resource should return to serve as faculty in our newly-planned universities and institutes. Otherwise the Centre’s laudatory efforts to create world-class university would go waste due to lack of first-rate faculty at the proposed universities.
Focused Projects
India student’s interest in science will improve if we initiate major research programmes relevant to India and incorporate the latest knowledge from global research in these programmes as go along. Take the example of agricultural research, I am convinced if students who have a background in the fundamentals of natural sciences will take up problem related to our major crops, India can turn the corner in agriculture productivity. We should learn from China in this aspect. China’s production of food grain is around 440 million tones. In comparison our production is hovering around 210 million tonnes for the last 10 years. In 1947 when we become independent China’s agriculture was in no batter condition than ours. China enhanced production in agriculture as agricultural research and development was given high priority and was organized in a better fashion.
India is the largest milk-producer in the world, but it also has the largest cattle population of the world. India need to increase per animal productivity. Strangely, there is no systematic programme to carry out genetics and genomic based breeding work on the improvement of cattle productivity and health.
There is a need to have big projects in agriculture, energy and materials. Research in agriculture needs to be organized on the lines of the work being done in space science or nuclear science. In the field of health, low cast diagnostics and development of low cost equipment needs to encouraged.
This required both science and technology. Development of drugs based on bio-molecules or through chemical synthesis needs to be promoted. This area also requires good scientific knowledge and a flair for technology development and collaboration with industry.
To sum up, we need broad-based training with emphasis on practical work at the undergraduate level for students of natural sciences; we need to create a strong sciences-technology interface, funding agencies need to be more proactive and focused in funding research and development needs to be encouraged.
Computer Science in College
In December 2009, the National Science Foundation (NSF) held the Computer Science Education Week, designated by the US House of Representatives "..in recognition of the transformative role of computing and necessity of rigorous computer science education at all levels."The said event emphasized on the need to include more computer science courses for secondary level students, citing the foreseen demand for information technologists in the next several years; and that, while several of the employment opportunities will not require full degrees, "..all of them require a solid background in computer science." (NSF, 2009).
Advancement in the computing science field will most definitely be heightened by seeking higher and continuing education. In fact, the popularity of computer science, along with other related programs, saw an increase in the last year throughout several colleges (Markoff, 2009); making it one of the most sought-after college majors in the US.
Basic requirements for a computer science degree include at least 120 credit hours worth of various courses which include applied mathematics, natural and physical sciences, humanities, social science, and technical writing. Computer science students are prepared to be experts in the application of mathematical and computing principles in developing and implementing computer-based systems and software as well as conduct effective research on computing and other affiliated disciplines. The Association for Computing Machinery indicates several career options for computer science graduates, a few of which are:
* Software design and implementation
* Computer technology application
* Management of IT infrastructures for organizations
Other career options include network administration, website and web graphics design and development, and computing research. The average salaries for computer science and computer engineering graduates, ranked among the top-earning degrees in the country, are both pegged at USD 61,000 (Pepitone, 2009). Combining a computer science degree with other fields of study such as biology, engineering, psychology, forensics, journalism, advertising, business administration, and several other courses should make way for even more lucrative careers.
Attending any college will surely require huge costs and going for a Computer Science degree is no exception. There are, however, financial aid options available. The amount of scholarships and grants vary with each college and are awarded to qualified students. Application for federal student aid begins with accomplishing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form which is available online. A number of top corporations also offer undergraduate scholarships as well as future employment opportunities in their respective fields. For those seeking acceptance into graduate schools, rendering hours as research or teaching assistants may help supplement tuition costs. In recognizing the statistical decline of women in the field of computer science, the committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W) also lists fellowships for women who wish to further their computer science education .
Log on : http://www.matchcollege.com for further information.
Online Computer Science Schools
Computer education is a necessity these days as tasks in all professions has become digitized. Computer sciences applications have a far reaching impact on how we live our day-to-day lives and the need for computer trained and IT professionals is greater than for any industry or field in the world today. In this Article we review how online computer sciences courses can help prospective professionals find careers in any industry.
Overview
Computer sciences are the study of the foundation of computing logic and the applications to computer architecture, hardware and software design as well as specific applications to program development and the use of industry standard technologies. The education starts with the study of natural sciences as they relate to computing and then diverges into a study of the specific niche area - such as hardware, software, graphics and information technology etc.
Most institutions offer students the opportunity to learn about all these areas to some extent before choosing a specialization.Online computer sciences institutions offer students a variety of fully online - to - blended courses in a variety of subjects; students can complete a choice of degree or certificate at any level (diploma, associates, bachelors, masters, PhD or certifications through shorter courses) in general computing or a specialized area - all from the comfort of their own homes and be able to work around their jobs and schedules - without having to enroll for time consuming classes and without having to relocate or spend and money commuting to and from lectures.
Enrolling in an online computer science course means prospective students can now fit their education around their work and personal schedules and save the money and time normally required in order to attend lectures and lab sessions.
Most online institutions offer their enrolled students a free online resource center for all the information - e-books, lecture slides and practical experiments - that is need in order to finish their coursework.Areas in computer science education
Theory of computation: This area deals with the logic use by computation systems and the mathematics that relates to computational logic. It defines the limits of computability (solvable problems) and computational complexity (resources required to solve these problems in terms of time and space).
Algorithms and Data structures: This side deals with functionality such as searching data storage structures and the formation (of models) of data storage (linked-lists, arrays, trees etc).
Programming Languages and Methodology: This area addresses the methodology used to formulate problem solving software code and the programming languages that are used to write viable code. It also deals with modern software development tools and tricks-of-the-trade which are used in modern compilers to formulate accurate running code. Languages may include c, C++, Java, c-sharp etc. Tools may include Visual C++ etc. This area defines the methodology of writing logical code step-by-step and the use of common best-practices.
Computer Architecture and logic design: This area deals with the knowledge of how a computer processor works and how is uses its resources to solve computational problems by breaking complex code down to minor mathematical and logical problems. This area includes digital design, automation, architecture and compilation.
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Careers: Computer Science Engineering, Architecture, Leather Technology
The growing careers these days are computer in science engineering, which deals with usage of mathematical skills and applications, career as architecture, which displays designer skills and career in leather technology which deals with basic inclination towards the profession. These careers are growing rapidly and have lot of job opportunities.
Career in computer science engineering:
Computers have become the life line of the new world. It has dominated almost all career fields. Due to growth in information technology the computer industry has flourished tremendously and has been a great achievement for the economy of India and globally. Computer science engineering has grown as a career option. They apply their knowledge of mathematics and science and design various computers.
They are divided in to two groups: those who deal with computer equipment are called hardware engineers, and those who deal with computer programmes are called software engineers. t is these computer engineers who design software and hard ware computer-based systems for embedded micro controllers, designing - VLSI chips, analog sensors, mixed signal circuit boards and operating systems.Career in architecture:
Every country is determined by its economy and its physical appearance, which makes it a famous tourism spot and eventually brings in money. Architecture therefore is an important career which plays an important role. Now focus is given to luxury and comfort than basic shelter and homing. This has made architecture a high in demand.
Every building, theatre, house or halls are designed in a beautiful manner which requires the expertise thinking and skills of architectures.Career in leather technology:
Leather technology is one of the most lucrative career options these days. Earlier this industry was not given much importance and people were appointed based on their experience and not formal training. But now since it’s in demand and growing forcefully, there are many institutes and colleges providing diplomas and degrees in this field. Indian leather industry is the fourth largest export industry in the world. This makes it obvious that one who gets into this profession has sure shot success and a handsome pay. Leather wear constitutes a variety of products ranging from footwear and accessories like belts, bags, purses and caps to toys, upholstery, baggage, musical instruments, garment tags, gift items etc.
A career in leather technology or architecture or computer science engineering all serve the same purpose of securing a future and contributing in the prosperity of a country as well as the individual involved.
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The Role Of Spatial Thinking In The Coupling Between The Mathematics And Science Standards
This article through 7 of the mathematics standards describe how the goals are accomplished in bur developmental levels (pre-K-2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-12). The progression for the geometry standard starts with the identification of points and coordinate systems, clearly oriented toward maps and other graphic representations, and the visualization of two. and three-dimensional objects. These basic concepts are developed in the corresponding sections of grade levels K-2 and 3-5 standards. In Figure 5.3 the idea of placing things in space begins a process of constructing the ability to deal with more complicated spatial concepts that grows to ideas of distance and direction, part of a progression of increasingly complicated spatial concepts.
There are these concepts developed further, enabling navigation for example, but also basic computer technology is used to support and enhance the learning process. In Figure 5.5 the focus is on developing spatial thinking as a skill in young learners, explicitly in terms of navigation and visualization. By the time students are in grades 3-5, the geometry standard calls not only for the building of additional spatial thinking skills (Figure 5.6), but also for the teacher to explicitly tie those skills to other areas of mathematics and to other disciplines such as science.
How well is the mathematicians' call for making ties to other disciplines reflected in and supported by the science standards? The simple concepts of position and shape are nicely mirrored in the science standards. The science standards provide a guide to the specific science content at each grade level (K-4,5-8, and 9-12) for each area of science covered (physical, life, Earth, and space). The content guide for the physical science standard for grades K-4 is shown. The sections on the physical properties of objects and materialsand the position and motion of objects both use the spatial concepts being developed in the mathematics standard. Objects have position and shape in the science standard. In the geometry standard the concepts of position and shape am explicitly taught and reinforced. Similarly there are connections to other parts of the mathematics standards, and therefore the connection between the mathematics and science standards seems clear. At these early grades, the assumptions on the part of the writers of the science standards that mathematics will provide a prerequisite basis of knowledge that can be drawn on by science teachers and students seems appropriate.
Learning things is not limited to the scentific area. Instead it also has relations with some other things like speaking a language or using software, including Rosetta Stone Russian and Rosetta Stone Spanish. If you have a creative mind, you will make all your own differences in the end!
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Career in Engineering: Petroleum and Computer Science
Engineering is considered the most lucrative career option in today’s world. With the growing technological advancement their demand is also increasing. An engineer researches and puts his knowledge and principles of science and mathematics in order to solve problems and create something new. Two growing branches of this career are a career in petroleum engineering and a career in computer and science engineering.
Career in petroleum engineering
A petroleum engineer has many tasks to perform, like discovery of natural resources, analysis of its characteristics, development of modern machinery for extraction and processing. A petroleum engineer is involved in global oil and natural gas reserves. They are involved in working with the scientists and other members of the team in examining the geological formation and nature of the rock containing the reserve.
Career in computer science engineering
Computers are very essential in today’s world. One can see their usage in almost every field. Since there has been a major boom in the information technology, the computer industry has become one of the fastest growing industries and a career option in demand. There is great demand for computer science engineers in order to fulfill the needs like creating new soft wares, faster hardware components, and new communication systems. Computer science engineers put in their intelligence and mathematics in order to design various computers. There are two types of computer science engineers: the ones dealing with computer equipment are called hardware engineer and the ones dealing with computer programmes are called software engineers. They are in huge demand both nationally and internationally. There is a long list of colleges providing this degree like amity school of engineering and technology, Bengal engineering college, co-operative institute of technology, darda engineering college and many more.
Engineering is the fastest growing industry and most preferred career option. Engineering is required in every field. A career in petroleum engineering and computer science engineering is the highest in demand these days with thousands of students enrolling themselves every year in this field. It requires hard work and commitment and the result is worth it.
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The Growing Role Of Phd In Management And Computer Science To Reach The Pinnacle Of Success
A Master in Business Administration program is one of the most desired options once a student completes his/her graduation. Searching newspapers, magazines and online educational sites for MBA admission dates is the foremost task of many fresh graduates. Some of the institutes that are most in demand for taking admissions include Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) in Ahemedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata and Lucknow, Xavier Labour Research Institute (XLRI) in Jamshedpur, Management Development Institute (MDI) in Gurgaon, SP Jain Institute of Management and Research in Mumbai, and Faculty of Management Studies (FMS) in Delhi. All these institutions conduct their own written entrance tests, group discussions and personal interviews to select eligible candidates.
Students who want to pursue a Master in Business Administration program in the coming days may consider several forthcoming MBA admission dates of well-known institutions. Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR) announces admission to its Post Graduate Diploma in Management programs that have specialized subjects like financial engineering and development & sustainable finance. The date of admission is February 15, 2011. The selection process is based on the score achieved in CAT 2010, XAT 2011 and GMAT.
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management (SIBM) in Pune will conduct a national level entrance test on December 16, 2010 for its full time MBA programme with specialization like finance, human resources, operations and marketing. Students having a minimum of 50 percent marks in graduation will be eligible to apply for the course.
For the benefit of both students and working executives, many MBA colleges in the country offer regular, executive, part time as well as distance courses that are well recognized in the industry. Distance MBA education is very popular among students and professionals due to its reasonable cost, flexible class timing and liberal course duration. The list of popular colleges and universities for distance MBA includes Indira Gandhi National Open University, Amity University, Alagappa University, Anna University and Annamalai University.
The orientation for a management degree through distance learning mode is fuelled by the numerous advantages student enjoy in the present scenario. You can save a lot of money in a distance MBA education due to its lower operating costs compared to conventional institutions. As various full-time programs are highly expensive, distance learning is the best option for students with a tight budget. It is also extremely flexible in nature because of the arrangement of classes in the evening, weekends and/or holidays.
So, both young and aged working executives can acquire a management degree without relinquishing their jobs. It opens the door for future career growth as well. As various distance programs are offered by reputable universities and colleges, there is no question mark on quality and recognition by the industry.
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